The necessary role of gut bacteria in this process was demonstrated when either L-carnitine or choline were fed to mice reared in a germ-free environment

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80 NMDA receptor alterations and spike-timing-dependent plasticity, including stimulation-timing-dependent plasticity in the DCN, 81 further support long-term central reorganization
These mechanisms are not fully understood but include central nervous system carbohydrate reduction and glycolysis inhibition, changes in neuronal excitability mediated by ATP-sensitive potassium channels through alterations in mitochondrial function, inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and inhibition of glutamatergic excitatory synaptic transmission [72]